Developmental

Tarsal Coalition

Classification (Talocalcaneal, Calcaneonavicular). Clinical presentation (peroneal spastic flatfoot). Non-operative management. Surgical principles: Coalition resection with interposition (e.g., fat graft, EDB muscle flap) for small, fibrous coalitions. Indications for arthrodesis in large or failed resections.

Post-Stroke / Neurologic Contracture

Assessment of foot and ankle spasticity (Tardieu Scale, Ashworth Scale). Non-operative management: Botox injections, serial casting, and orthotics. Surgical principles: Gastrocnemius recession, triple tendon lengthening (Achilles, PTT, Peroneals), and dynamic tendon transfers (e.g., Split Anterior Tibial Tendon Transfer - STATT) to balance muscle forces.

Diabetic and Neuropathic Foot

Understand the Charcot process (Eichenholtz classification). Principles of protected weight bearing, custom bracing, and early diagnosis. Surgical management (fusion, corrective osteotomy) to achieve a stable, plantigrade foot and prevent ulceration.